香港假天花空間之風管設計準則。 Ducting design inside HK plenums.
香港住宅之假天花淨空常僅有 250 至 350 mm,需於有限空間內同時容納風管、冷媒管、消防噴淋管、電纜以及抽濕機本身 — 風管設計實為一場毫米級之取捨工程。 HK residential plenums are commonly 250–350 mm clear. Add ductwork, refrigerant pipes, sprinkler runs, cabling, and the dehumidifier itself, and ducting design becomes a millimetre-by-millimetre trade-off.
何謂外靜壓?
每部天花式抽濕機均設有「外靜壓上限值」(External Static Pressure, ESP),意指其風機所能克服之風管系統總阻力。一旦超出此上限,風量將顯著下降,連帶影響除濕效能。DBA 各機型之 ESP 數值如下:
- UTC20 / 68 / 120 — 約 30 至 40 Pa
- GEC V(30 / 50 / 70 / 110)— 約 60 至 80 Pa
- GEC68LD-HP / 145LD-HP — 約 80 至 120 Pa
- GEC280LD 以上 — 約 150 Pa
香港住宅採用 UTC 系列之項目,大多僅需配置 1 至 2 個送風口,鮮少觸及 ESP 上限。惟會所、酒店大堂等採用 GEC V 或商用 GEC 系列、鋪設 4 至 6 個送風口之項目,則必須進行嚴謹之靜壓計算。
香港常用之風管材質
- 絕緣鋁箔軟管 — 最為普遍。安裝便捷,惟每米靜壓損失約為 1.5 至 2.5 Pa
- 螺旋鍍鋅鋼風管 — 多用於商用項目,阻力較低(每米 0.5 至 1.0 Pa),惟需要較大之吊頂空間及更多人力進行安裝
- 矩形鋼板風管 — 適用於大型商用項目,可貼合樓板鋪設,惟需大量裁切加工及外層保溫處理
各元件之靜壓損失值
總靜壓之計算方式為將所有元件之損失值累計:
- 軟管直管段:每米 1.5 至 2.5 Pa
- 軟管 90° 急彎頭:每個 10 至 15 Pa
- 鋼管 90° 大半徑彎頭:每個 3 至 5 Pa
- 送風口(四向擴散器):5 至 15 Pa
- 回風口連濾網(全新狀態):15 至 25 Pa
- 回風口連濾網(使用半年後):40 至 60 Pa
設計時應以「濾網積塵狀態」之數值進行計算,而非以全新濾網之數值為依據,否則機組於安裝 6 個月後,風量將出現明顯衰減。
香港假天花空間之實際處理方案
常見之設計策略如下:
- 單口直送方案 — 機身與唯一送風口相距 1 至 2 米,適用於 UTC20 及 UTC68 型號。配置最為簡單,靜壓損失亦最低。
- 短距軟管配合四向擴散器 — 機身隱藏於走廊上方,以 2 至 3 米軟管接駁至客廳中央之擴散器。為香港住宅最普遍之設計方案。
- 分支結構方案 — 例如一部 GEC V70 同時服務客廳、主臥室及書房三個區域。由機身送風口接出一條主幹管,再分支至各房間。設計時須仔細平衡各分支之長度及風口尺寸。
風管直徑之選定
原則上須維持風速於 4 m/s 以下。香港住宅常用之風管尺寸建議如下:
| 機型 | 額定風量 | 最小直徑 |
|---|---|---|
| UTC20 | 220 CMH | 150 mm |
| UTC68 / GEC50V | 500 CMH | 200 mm |
| UTC120 / GEC70V | 890 CMH | 250 mm |
| GEC145LD-HP | 1,200 CMH | 300 mm |
風管保溫之必要性
香港夏季假天花空間之溫度可達 30 至 35°C,而風管內送風之溫度約為 18 至 22°C。若未進行保溫處理,風管外壁將凝結水珠,長期下來可能浸壞鄰近之木材或石膏板結構。所有送風段風管均須進行保溫處理;香港業界最常採用預先附保溫層之鋁箔軟管,其內含 25 mm 厚之玻璃棉保溫材。
70 至 90% 設計原則
設計時應使總靜壓計算結果落於機型 ESP 之 70% 至 90% 區間。若低於 70%,代表機型容量未獲充分利用;若超過 90%,則未為濾網老化預留足夠之餘量空間。
What is external static pressure?
Every ceiling dehumidifier has a maximum external static pressure (ESP) — the fan's tolerance for duct resistance. Exceed it and airflow falls, capacity falls. DBA's ESP ratings:
- UTC20 / 68 / 120 — 30–40 Pa
- GEC V (30/50/70/110) — 60–80 Pa
- GEC68LD-HP / 145LD-HP — 80–120 Pa
- GEC280LD and up — 150 Pa
Most HK residential UTC installs only run one or two grilles, so ESP is rarely an issue. Clubhouse and hotel lobby projects using GEC V or commercial GEC with 4–6 grilles need real calculation.
Common duct types in HK
- Insulated aluminium-foil flex: the workhorse. Easy install but loses 1.5–2.5 Pa per metre.
- Spiral galvanised rigid: common in commercial. Lower loss (0.5–1.0 Pa/m) but needs more plenum space and skilled installation.
- Rectangular sheet metal: large commercial only. Can hug the slab but requires fabrication and added insulation.
Pressure losses per element
Total static = sum of all losses:
- Flex straight: 1.5–2.5 Pa/m
- Flex 90° sharp bend: 10–15 Pa each
- Rigid 90° long-radius bend: 3–5 Pa each
- Supply grille (4-way diffuser): 5–15 Pa
- Return grille + clean filter: 15–25 Pa
- Return grille + 6-month-old filter: 40–60 Pa
Always design with the dirty filter number, not the clean one — otherwise airflow noticeably drops six months after install.
HK plenum strategies
- Direct single supply: unit 1–2 m from the only supply grille. Works for UTC20 / UTC68. Simplest, lowest loss.
- Short flex + 4-way diffuser: unit hidden above a corridor, 2–3 m of flex reaches a diffuser in the living room. Most popular HK pattern.
- Branched: one GEC V 70 feeding living + main bedroom + study. Trunk from the unit, branches to each zone. Branch lengths and grille sizes need balancing.
Duct sizing
Keep velocity under 4 m/s. Typical HK residential sizes:
| Unit | Airflow | Min diameter |
|---|---|---|
| UTC20 | 220 CMH | 150 mm |
| UTC68 / GEC50V | 500 CMH | 200 mm |
| UTC120 / GEC70V | 890 CMH | 250 mm |
| GEC145LD-HP | 1,200 CMH | 300 mm |
Insulation
HK summer plenums hit 30–35°C; supply air is 18–22°C. Without insulation the duct skin condenses, eventually staining adjacent timber or plasterboard. All supply ducts must be insulated; the standard HK choice is pre-insulated foil flex with a 25 mm glass-wool core.
The 70–90% rule
Aim for total static between 70% and 90% of the unit's ESP. Under 70% means oversized fan capacity. Over 90% leaves no margin for filter loading.
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